Responsiveness of functional performance and muscle strength, power, and size to resistance training: A systematic review.

There is a recent and growing interest in assessing differential responders to resistance training (RT) for diverse outcomes. Thus, the individual ability to respond to an intervention for a specific measurement, called responsiveness, remains to be better understood. Thus, the current study aimed to summarize the available information about the effects of RT on functional performance and muscle strength, power, and size in healthy adults, through the prevalence rate in different responsiveness classifications models. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42021265378). PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases were systematically searched in October 2023. A total of 13 studies were included, totaling 921 subjects. Only two studies presented a low risk of bias. Regarding the effectiveness of RT, the prevalence rate for non-responders ranged from 0% to 44% for muscle strength, from 0% to 84% for muscle size, and from 0% to 42% for functional performance, while for muscle power, the only study found showed a responsiveness rate of 37%. In conclusion, a wide range of differential responders is described for all variables investigated. However, the evidence summarized in this systematic review suggested some caution while interpreting the findings, since the body of evidence found seems to be incipient, and widely heterogeneous in methodological and statistical aspects.

Effects of Eccentric Phase Velocity on Bench Press Concentric Bar Velocity in the Young and Elderly.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of bar velocity during the eccentric phase on subsequent concentric performance in the young and elderly. Twelve elderly women (65.2+4.2 years) and 16 young women (23.1+2.1 years) were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions that combined high-velocity eccentric actions (HVECC; maximum velocity) and moderate-velocity eccentric actions (MVECC; 2.0 s), using 30% and 60% of their 1-repetition maximum (1RM) on the Smith machine bench press. Measurements of mean propulsive velocity (MPV), peak velocity (PV), and mean power (MP) were recorded. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was applied for each variable, when needed, the Bonferroni post hoc was used. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, and effect size (ES) was established by Cohen's d z. The results demonstrated that elderly women showed improved performance in MPV (+10.0%; ES=- 0.58; p=0.009) and MP (+11.7%; ES=- 0.14; p=0.045) when utilizing HVECC at 30% 1RM only. Moreover, young women exhibited superior performance for both 30% and 60% 1RM when using HVECC for all variables analyzed (p<0.05). The HVECC appears to have an impact on the subsequent performance of the concentric phase, particularly when lighter loads (30% 1RM) are utilized, regardless of the age group.

High-intensity interval training in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review / Entrenamiento por intervalos de alta intensidad en personas con lesiones medulares: una revisión sistemática / Treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade em pessoas com lesão da medula espinhal: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cardiometabolic parameters, and cardiorespiratory fitness to compile the most used HIIT training types in adults with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: This is a systematic review of searches performed in the electronic databases PubMed / Medline, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Studies included I) needed to apply HIIT training II) adults with SCI to analyze III) cardiometabolic aspects and cardiorespiratory fitness. Two independent reviewers selected the articles for inclusion, extracted their data, and assessed their methodological quality. Results: 654 studies were found. Thus, 12 studies, 11 pre- and post-intervention, and one control group (CG) with 106 participants were analyzed. Pre- and post-HIITT intervention results revealed significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic aspects (VO2peak, LDH, HDL, insulin resistance). In addition, GC results revealed significant improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness observed in the intervention group (HIIT) compared to the moderate-low intensity (GC) group. Seven studies used the arm ergometer as the primary exercise modality. Two studies described functional electrical stimulation (FES) performed with the arm ergometer plus electrical stimulation in the lower limbs. None reported heart rate dynamics during the study period. Conclusion: High-intensity interval training improves physical fitness and cardiometabolic health in adults with SCI. Evidence level II; Systematic Review of level II studies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT) sobre los parámetros cardiometabólicos, fitness cardiorrespiratorio y recopilar los tipos de HIIT más utilizados en el entrenamiento en adultos con lesión medular (LME). Métodos: Se trata de una revisión sistemática, para lo cual se realizaron búsquedas en bases de datos electrónicas PubMed/Medline, Science Direct y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron estudios que I) necesitaban aplicar entrenamiento HIIT en II) adultos con SCI y analizar III) aspectos cardiometabólicos y aptitud cardiorrespiratoria. Dos revisores independientes seleccionaron los artículos para su inclusión, extrajeron sus datos y evaluaron su calidad metodológica. Resultados: De los 654 estudios encontrados, se analizaron 12 estudios, 11 pre y post intervención y 1 grupo control (GC) con un total de 106 participantes. Los resultados previos y posteriores a la intervención HIIT revelaron una mejora significativa en la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y los aspectos cardiometabólicos (VO2pico, LDH, HDL, resistencia a la insulina). Los resultados de GC revelaron una mejora significativa en la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria observada del grupo de intervención (HIIT) en comparación con el grupo de intensidad moderada-baja (GC). Siete estudios utilizaron el ergómetro de brazo como la modalidad principal de ejercicio. Dos estudios describieron la estimulación eléctrica funcional (EEF) realizada con el ergómetro de brazo más la estimulación eléctrica en los miembros inferiores. Ninguno informó la dinámica de la frecuencia cardíaca durante el período de estudio. Conclusiones: El entrenamiento intervalos de alta intensidad mejora la condición física y la salud cardiometabólica en adultos con LME. Evidencia de nivel II; Revisión sistemática de estudios de nivel II.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) nos parâmetros cardiometabólicos, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e compilar os tipos de HIIT mais utilizados no treinamento em adultos com lesão da medula espinhal (LME). Métodos: Trata-se de revisão sistemática, para a qual foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed / Medline, Science Direct e Google Scholar. Foram incluídos estudos em que I) o treinamento HIIT era aplicado em II) adultos com LME e analisaram III) os aspectos cardiometabólicos e aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Dois revisores independentes selecionaram os artigos para a inclusão, extraindo seus dados e avaliarando a sua qualidade metodológica. Resultados: 654 estudos foram encontrados. Desses, 12 estudos, 11 pré e pós intervenção e 1 grupo controle (GC) com um total de 106 participantes foram analisados. Resultados pré e pós intervenção de HIIT revelaram significante melhora na aptidão cardiorrespiratória e aspectos cardiometabólicos (VO2pico, LDH, HDL, resistência à insulina). Resultados do GC revelaram uma significativa melhoria na aptidão cardiorrespiratória observada no grupo de intervenção (HIIT) em relação ao grupo de intensidade moderada-baixa (GC). Sete estudos usaram o ergômetro de braço como modalidade de exercício primária. Dois estudos descreveram a estimulação elétrica funcional (EEF) realizada com o ergômetro de braço adicionando estimulação elétrica nos membros inferiores. Nenhum relatou a dinâmica da frequência cardíaca durante o período do estudo. Conclusão: O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade melhora a aptidão física e a saúde cardiometabólica em adultos com LME. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemática de Estudos de Nível II.

No Effects of Mental Fatigue and Cerebral Stimulation on Physical Performance of Master Swimmers.

Background: Mental fatigue is a psychobiological state caused by extended periods of cognitive effort, and evidence suggests that mentally fatigued athletes present impaired physical performance. Different ergogenic aids have been proposed to counteract the deleterious effects of mental fatigue, but whether brain stimulation can counteract mental fatigue is still unknown. This scenario is even more obscure considering the effects of these interventions (mental fatigue induction and brain stimulation) in a very experienced population consisting of master athletes. Method: Ten master swimmers (30 ± 6 years old and 14 ± 8 years of experience) participated in the study. They underwent four experimental conditions before an 800-m freestyle test: mental fatigue with brain stimulation; mental fatigue without brain stimulation; absence of mental fatigue with brain stimulation; and absence of mental fatigue and no brain stimulation. Mental fatigue was induced by a cognitively demanding Stroop Color Test, whereas stimulation was applied on the temporal cortex. After that, the athletes swan 800 m as fast as possible and provided their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) every 200 m. Results: Mental fatigue was effectively induced, as evidenced by a greater fatigue perception and more errors in the last blocks of the cognitive task. Mental fatigue induction did not influence performance (time to complete the swimming trial) and RPE. Similarly, brain stimulation failed to change these two parameters, regardless of mental fatigue induction. Conclusion: The prolonged physical performance of experienced master athletes is not influenced, under the present conditions, by mental fatigue induction, cerebral stimulation, and their association.

Assessing Interlimb Jump Asymmetry in Young Soccer Players: The My Jump 2 App.

BACKGROUND: Jumps are important evaluation tools for muscle strength and power and for interlimb asymmetries. Different jump tests are well related to athletic performance, prediction of injury risk, and common motor gestures of several sports such as soccer. Low-cost mobile applications (apps) have gained popularity for this measure. The authors hypothesized that the My Jump 2 app would be a valid tool to assess drop-jump performance and interlimb asymmetry in soccer players. METHODS: Eleven male soccer players took part in this study (18.2 [1.3] y, 69.9 [9.5] kg, 174 [6.6] cm). The athletes performed each test twice on a force plate (gold-standard method), while the jumps were recorded through the mobile app. Measures with the My Jump 2 app were applied by 2 evaluators, independently and in duplicate (interrater and intrarater reliability). The agreement analysis between both evaluations was done using an intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: Compared with the force platform, the app tested showed excellent reliability for the drop jump's flight time and interlimb asymmetry (intraclass correlation coefficient > .98). For interlimb contact-time asymmetry, the values were 18.4 (9.9) and 19.1 (9.9) milliseconds for the My Jump 2 app and the force platform, respectively (P = .88). For flight-time asymmetries, the values were 389.7 (114.3) and 396.8 (112.5) milliseconds for the My Jump 2 app and the force platform, respectively (P = .88). CONCLUSION: The My Jump 2 app is a valid tool to assess drop-jump and interlimb asymmetry in soccer players.

Fórum de luta marajoara: a carta de Belém / Marajoara Wrestling Forum: the letter of Belém / Foro de lucha marajoara: la carta de Belém

Introdução: o progresso ocorrido nas últimas décadas em termos de práticas esportivas tem sido imenso, em especial em algumas modalidades esportivas de combate. Frente a este contexto é possível situar a Luta Marajoara (LM), modalidade ainda pouco conhecida no mundo acadêmico. Objetivo: descrever as principais discussões e encaminhamentos envolvendo a LM, oriundos dos debates do I Fórum Paraense de Luta Marajoara. Método: o relato tem um caráter exploratório e descritivo, configurando-se como um estudo qualitativo, pois busca identificar questões significativas do universo da modalidade para apontar futuros encaminhamentos. Resultados e discussão: a partir das observações e posicionamentos relevantes do Fórum constatou-se que os elementos que suscitaram os maiores encaminhamentos e direcionamentos estão relacionados com ações que envolvem a dimensão esportiva da LM. Conclusão: ações relacionadas a organização esportiva são as mais priorizadas, tal constatação sinaliza para a esportivização da LM, algo legítimo considerando que a modalidade é genuinamente brasileira e de grande importância para cultura nacional.

Introduction: the progress made in the last decades in terms of sports practices has been immense, especially in some combat sports. Faced with this context, it is possible to situate Marajoara Wrestling (MW), a modality still little known in the academic world. Objective: to describe the main discussions and referrals involving the MW, arising from the debates of the 1st Para Forum of Marajoara Fight. Method: the report has an exploratory and descriptive character, configuring itself as a qualitative study, as it seeks to identify significant issues in the universe of the modality to point out future referrals. Results and discussion: Based on the relevant observations and positions of the Forum, it was found that the elements that gave rise to the greatest referrals and orientations are related to actions that involve the sports dimension of MW. Conclusion: actions related to sports organization are the most prioritized, this finding signals the sporting of MW, something legitimate considering that the sport is genuinely Brazilian and of great importance for national culture.

Introducción: el progreso realizado en las últimas décadas en términos de prácticas deportivas ha sido inmenso, especialmente en algunos deportes de combate. Frente a este contexto, es posible situar a Luta Marajoara (LM), una modalidad aún poco conocida en el mundo académico. Objetivo: describir las principales discusiones y referencias relacionadas con el LM, que surgen de los debates del 1er Foro de Lucha de Marajoara. Método: el informe tiene un carácter exploratorio y descriptivo, configurándose como un estudio cualitativo, ya que busca identificar problemas significativos en el universo de la modalidad para señalar futuras referencias. Resultados y discusión: Basado en las observaciones y posiciones relevantes del Foro, se encontró que los elementos que dieron lugar a las mayores referencias y orientaciones están relacionados con acciones que involucran la dimensión deportiva de LM. Conclusión: las acciones relacionadas con la organización deportiva son las más prioritarias, este hallazgo señala el deporte de LM, algo legítimo teniendo en cuenta que el deporte es genuinamente brasileño y de gran importancia para la cultura nacional.

Prevalence of burnout syndrome and perception by playing position in professional football players

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the indicators of burnout, to determine whether playing position affects the perception of syndrome dimensions, and to identify burnout prevalence in professional football players. Methods: The participants were 100 professional football players (mean age 24.3 ± 4.6 years and meantime as a professional athlete of 9.2 ± 4.5 years) who were divided into three groups: 27 forwards, 34 midfielders, and 39 defenders. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied. Results: The results show that a) the majority of athletes had low burnout indicators, b) there was no difference in the perception of burnout dimensions by playing position, and c) the prevalence of athletes with burnout, whether mild, moderate, or severe, was 13%. Conclusion: The variable of playing position was not a determinant of perception of burnout dimensions among the forwards, midfielders, and defenders. Nonetheless, the prevalence of burnout deserves attention, as the negative effects of this syndrome may exert impacts on health, well-being, and sports performance, making athletes more likely to abandon their sport.

Effects of exercise cessation on adipose tissue physiological markers related to fat regain: A systematic review.

Tissues usually super compensate during the period that follow physical exercise. Although this is widely accepted for muscle and glycogen, the compensatory effect is not usually applied to fat tissues. Notwithstanding, evidence for this has been present since the 1970s when it was first suggested that the increased lipogenic activity in response to training might be an adaptation that enables to restore an energy reserve that can be used in times of need. In this context, the present review aimed to summarize information about the effect of detraining on fat metabolism and the physiological responses associated with fat regain. A systematic search on PubMed and Scielo was performed using "training cessation," "detraining," "exercise detraining," and "exercise cessation" combined with "fat tissue," "adipose tissue," "adipose metabolism," and "fat metabolism," as descriptors. From 377 results, 25 were included in this review, 12 humans and 13 rodents, resulting in a sample of 6772 humans and 613 animals. The analysis provided evidence for fat super compensation, as well as differences in humans and rodents, among different protocols and possible mechanisms for fat gain after exercise cessation. In summary, exercise cessation appears to increase the ability of the adipose tissue to store energy. However, caution should be taken, especially regarding conclusions based on investigations on humans, considering the multiple factors that could affect fat metabolism.

Cluster-sets resistance training induce similar functional and strength improvements than the traditional method in postmenopausal and elderly women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 12 weeks of traditional resistance training (TRT) or resistance training using Cluster-set (CS) on functional performance and physical fitness of postmenopausal and elderly women. METHODS: Participants (61.1 ± 4.9 years, body mass 64.5 ± 1.8 kg, height 155.7 ± 4.7 cm) were randomized to TRT (n = 35) or CS (n = 31). Anthropometric measures, muscle strength and power, gait speed, core stability, flexibility, and functional performance tests were performed before and after 12 weeks of training. The difference between protocols was the structure of rest intervals. The TRT group performed 120 s of rest between sets of 8 repetitions, while the CS performed 30 s of rest after every 2 repetitions. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was applied for each variable and, when needed, the Bonferroni post hoc was used. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: No group by time interaction was found for any variable. Regarding between-moment comparisons, there were significant improvements for 1 repetition maximum (RM) bench press (F = 104.6; ηp2 = 0.62; p < 0.001), 1RM leg press (F = 74.6; ηp2 = 0.53; p < 0.001), medicine ball throw (F = 64.0; ηp2 = 0.26; p < 0.001), standing long jump (F = 27.6; ηp2 = 0.30; p < 0.001), countermovement jump (F = 17.4; ηp2 = 0.21; p < 0.001), squat jump (F = 23.2; ηp2 = 0.26; p < 0.001), plank time (F = 31.6; ηp2 = 0.33; p < 0.001), 6 m walking test (F = 18.0; ηp2 = 0.22; p < 0.001), sit-to-stand test (F = 20.4; ηp2 = 0.24; p < 0.001), sit and reach test (F = 56.8; ηp2 = 0.47; p < 0.001) and 2 kg elbow curls (F = 15.9; ηp2 = 0.19; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Considering that both CS and TRT methods were equally effective to improve the physical fitness and functionality of elderly women, the decision of which protocol to use should be based on individual preferences and practical aspects.

Effects of high vs moderate-intensity intermittent training on functionality, resting heart rate and blood pressure of elderly women.

BACKGROUND: The present study compared the effects of training and detraining periods of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on functional performance, body composition, resting blood pressure and heart rate in elderly women nursing home residents. METHODS: Forty-six volunteers (age, 80.8 ± 5.2 y; body mass, 69.8 ± 5.2 kg, height, 164.2 ± 4.12 cm) were divided into groups that performed treadmill exercise twice-weekly HIIT (4 bouts of 4-min intervals at 85-95% of the maximal heart rate [HRmax], interspersed by 4 min at 65% HRmax), MIIT (4 bouts of 4 min intervals at 55-75% HRmax, interspersed by 4 min at 45-50% HRmax) and MICT (30-min at 55-75% HRmax). Tests were performed before and after 8 weeks of training and 2 and 4 weeks of detraining. ANCOVA was used to analyze dependent variable changes. RESULTS: After 8 weeks HIIT promoted greater reductions in body mass (HIIT = - 1.6 ± 0.1 kg; MICT = - 0.9 ± 0.1 kg; MIIT = - 0.9 ± 0.1 kg; p = 0.001), fat mass (HIIT = - 2.2 ± 0.1%; MICT = - 0.7 ± 0.1%; MIIT = - 1.2 ± 0.1%; p < 0.001) and resting heart rate (HIIT = - 7.3 ± 0.3%; MICT = - 3.6 ± 0.3%; MIIT = - 5.1 ± 0.3%; p < 0.001) and greater improvement in the chair stand test (HIIT = 3.4 ± 0.1 reps; MICT = 2.5 ± 0.1 reps; MIIT = 3.1 ± 0.1 reps; p < 0.001) when compared to MIIT and MICT. These improvements were sustained after 2 and 4 weeks of detraining only in the HIIT group. CONCLUSION: HIIT promoted greater benefits for body composition and functional performance than MICT and MIIT and also showed less pronounced effects of detraining. This suggests that the intensity of physical exercise is an important factor to consider when prescribing exercise to the elderly.

Evidence of a Ceiling Effect for Training Volume in Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength in Trained Men - Less is More?

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of different resistance training volumes on muscle performance and hypertrophy in trained men. METHODS: 37 volunteers performed resistance training for 24 weeks, divided into groups that performed five (G5), 10 (G10), 15 (G15) and 20 (G20) sets per muscle group per week. Ten repetition maximum (10RM) tests were performed for the bench press, lat pull down, 45º leg press, and stiff legged deadlift. Muscle thickness (MT) was measured using ultrasound at biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major, quadriceps femoris and gluteus maximus. All measurements were performed at the beginning (pre) and after 12 (mid) and 24 weeks (post). RESULTS: All groups showed significant increases in all 10RM tests and MT measures after 12 and 24 weeks when compared to pre (p <0.05). There were no significant differences in any 10RM test or changes between G5 and G10 after 12 and 24 weeks. G5 and G10 showed significantly greater increases for 10RM than G15 and G20 for most exercises at 12 and 24 weeks. There were no group by time interaction for any MT measure. CONCLUSIONS: The results bring evidence of an inverted "U shaped" curve for the dose response curve for muscle strength. Whilst the same trend was noted for muscle hypertrophy, the results did not reach significance. Five to 10 sets per week might be sufficient for bringing about optimal gains in muscle size and strength in trained men over a 24-week period.

Anthropometric characteristics and physical performance of taekwondo athletes / Características antropométricas e desempenho físico de lutadores de taekwondo

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to measure anthropometric and physical performance variables of TKD athletes from the city of Pelotas - RS. Forty-five athletes aged 16.4 ± 5.2 years and time of practice of 3.25 ± 3.6 years were evaluated. Athletes performed anthropometric evaluation and physical, general and specific performance tests. In the sum of seven skin folds, men presented lower values ??(106.1 ± 49.5 mm versus 143.4 ± 43.2 mm, p <0.002). Male seniors presented better performance in the vertical jump compared to beginners (42.3 ± 8.5cm versus 24.8 ± 10.1cm, p <0.03) and to women (22.1 ± 4.3cm, p <0.03). Graduated individuals perform higher number of arm pushups than beginners and women and more repetitions in the abdominal test. Male junior and senior athletes had higher isometric handgrip strength than females (48.3 ± 3.9 kgf and 38.1 ± 12.6 kgf versus 29 ± 5.6 kgf, p <0.001). Men covered longer distance in the yo-yo test than women (606.6 ± 233.8m versus 200 ± 113.1m, p <0.001). In the Wingate test, men produced greater peak and average relative power. No differences in flexibility were observed. In the single kick test, seniors kicked faster than less experienced athletes (200.6 ± 12.3m / s versus 258 ± 5.6m / s, p <0.001) and performed greater number of kicks in the 21s, 6 ± 2.1 reps versus 15.5 ± 0.7 reps, p <0.001). It was concluded that there are differences between male and female TKD athletes regarding anthropometric and motor characteristics, and that more experienced athletes exhibit greater general and specific physical fitness.

Resumo O objetivo desta investigação foi mensurar variáveis antropométricas e de desempenho físico de atletas de TKD da cidade de Pelotas - RS. Foram avaliados 45 atletas com idades 16,4±5,2 anos e tempo de prática de 3,25± 3,6 anos. Os atletas realizaram avaliação antropométrica, testes de desempenho físico, gerais e específicos. No somatório de sete dobras cutâneas, homens apresentam menores valores (106,1±49,5mm versus 143,4±43,2mm; p<0,002). Homens mais graduados apresentaram melhor desempenho no salto vertical que homens iniciantes (42,3±8,5cm versus 24,8±10,1cm; p<0,03) e que mulheres (22,1±4,3cm; p<0,03). Indivíduos graduados realizam maior número de flexões de cotovelo que iniciantes e mulheres e mais repetições no teste de abdominais. Atletas da categoria sênior e júnior masculino exibiram mais força isométrica de preensão manual que as mulheres (48,3±3,9kgf e 38,1±12,6kgf versus 29±5,6kgf; p<0,001). Homens percorreram maior distância no yo-yo test que mulheres (606,6±233,8m versus 200±113,1m; p<0,001). No teste de Wingate, homens produziram maior potência relativa máxima e média. Não foram observadas diferenças na flexibilidade. No teste de chute único, indivíduos mais graduados chutaram mais rápido do que os menos graduados (200,6±12,3m/s versus 258±5,6m/s; p<0,001) e executam maior número de chutes em 10s (21,6±2,1reps versus 15,5±0,7reps; p<0,001). Conclui-se que há diferenças entre homens e mulheres praticantes de TKD quanto a características antropométricas e motoras, e que atletas mais avançados exibem maior aptidão física geral e específica.

Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis is not more severe or frequent after Crossfit than after Running or Strength training programsol / La rabdomiolisis inducida por el ejercicio no es mas severa o frecuente después de Crossfit que después de carrera continua o programas de entrenamiento de fuerza / A rabdomiólise induzida pelo exercício não é mais grave ou frequente após o Crossfit do que após programas de corrida contínua ou de treinamento de força

OBJECTIVE: Rhabdomyolysis is the death (lysis) of muscle fibers due to direct or indirect muscle injury, with release of the fiber content into the bloodstream. Several conditions are triggering the rhabdomyolysis, for example, changes in body temperature, intoxications and strenuous exercise. Although often the condition of the disease in question are associated with programs of extreme conditioning, specifically to Crossfit, there are few scientific data that prove such a relationship or lack thereof. The aim of this study is to assess the incidence and severity of cases of rhabdomyolysis in different modalities of training, Crossfit, strength training and Running. METHOD: A case study was carried out in 20 clinics in the city of Belém in the state of Pará. Data analysis was used to characterize the sample. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used and, based on the results, the data were submitted to non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS: The results showed that no differences were found between the proportions (χ² = 3.44; p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of cases and their severity is similar between running, training and Crossfit

OBJETIVO: La rabdomiolisis es la muerte (lisis) de las fibras musculares debido a una lesión muscular directa o indirecta, con liberación del contenido de las fibras al torrente sanguíneo. Varias condiciones son desencadenantes de los cuadros de rabdomiólisis, por expor, cambios de la temperatura corporal, intoxicaciones y ejercicio extenuante. Aunque a menudo los cuadros de la enfermedad en cuestión se asocian a programas de condicionamiento extremo, específicamente a Crossfit, poco se tienen datos científicos que demuestren tal relación o la falta de ella. El estudio en cuestión tiene por objetivo hacer un levantamiento de incidencia y severidad de casos de rabdomiólisis en diferentes modalidades de entrenamiento, Crossfit, entrenamiento de fuerza y Carrera. MÉTODO: Se realizó un relevamiento de casos en 20 clínicas en la ciudad de Belém do Pará. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para la caracterización de la muestra. Se utilizó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y, sobre la base de los resultados, los datos se sometieron a las pruebas no paramétricas de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: Los resultados demostraron que no se encontraron diferencias entre las proporciones (χ² = 3.44, p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONES: La frecuencia de casos y la severidad de los mismos es similar entre carrera, entrenamiento de fuerza y Crossfit

OBJETIVO: A rabdomiólise é a morte (lise) das fibras musculares devido a uma lesão muscular direta ou indireta, com liberação do conteúdo das fibras para a corrente sanguínea. Várias condições são desencadeadoras dos quadros de rabdomiólise, por exempo, alterações da temperatura corporal, intoxicações e exercício extenuante. Ainda que por muitas vezes os quadros da doença em questão serem associadas a programas de condicionamento extremo, especificamente ao Crossfit, pouco se tem dados ciêntificos que comprovem tal relação ou a falta dela. O estudo em questão tem por objetivo fazer um levantamento de incidência e severidade de casos de rabdomiólise em diferentes modalidades de treinamento, Crossfit, treinamento de força e Corrida. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um levantamento de casos em 20 clínicas na cidade de Belém do Pará. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se da estatística descritiva para a caracterização da amostra. Utilizou-se o teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e, com base nos resultados, os dados foram submetidos ao testes não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que não foram encontradas diferenças entre as proporções (χ² = 3.44; p = 0.17). CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de casos e a severidade dos mesmo é semelhante entre corrida, treinamento de força e Crossfit

Aplicativo para dispositivos móveis é alternativa válida para medida de altura em saltos verticais em lutadores / Aplicación para dispositivos móviles como alternativa válida para medición de la altura en saltos verticales en luchadores / Application for mobile devices is a valid alternative for vertical jump height measurement in fighters

Objetivo: Investigar a confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade do aplicativo Jumpo(R) para medida de saltos verticais de lutadores. Método: Participaram 16 atletas de ambos os sexos com idade média de 19 ± 5 anos, estatura de 1.7 ± 0.1 m, massa corporal de 65 ± 15 kg. A presente investigação contabilizou dois encontros, nos quais foram realizados teste-reteste de ambos os instrumentos de avaliações para os seguintes saltos verticais: Countermovement Jump, Squat Jump e Drop Jump, medidos simultaneamente com o Tapete de Contato e o Jumpo(R). Foram analisados o tempo de contato com o solo e a altura máxima de salto. Para análise estatística foi aplicado coeficiente de correlação intraclasse destinado às avaliações intra e inter-avaliadores. Já os comparativos entre Jumpo(R) e tapete de contato foram utilizados novamente o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e a análise gráfica de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Concordâncias "quase perfeitas" para altura máxima em todos os saltos, tanto intra-avaliadores (CCI= 0.911-0.959), como inter-avaliadores (CCI= 0.939-0.951) e inter-instrumentos (CCI= 0.939-0.972) foram encontradas. Porém, o tempo de contato com o solo não apresentou concordância significante interinstrumentos (p<0.360). Entretanto, foram encontrados valores inter-avaliadores estatisticamente significativos (p<0.001). Conclusão: O Jumpo(R) parece ser uma ferramenta válida e reprodutível para medida de altura máxima de saltos verticais, mas não para o tempo de contato com o solo. Sugere-se, portanto, que treinadores e técnicos podem ser encorajados a utilizar esta ferramenta para avaliação e monitoramento do desempenho de saltos em lutadores

Objetivo: Investigar la confiabilidad y reproducibilidad de la aplicación Jumpo(R) para la medida de saltos verticales en luchadores. Método: Participaron 16 atletas de ambos os sexos con edad media de 19 ± 5 años, estatura de 1.7 ± 0.1 m, masa corporal de 65 ± 15 kg. La presente investigación contabilizó dos encuentros en los que se realizaron pruebas y re-test de ambos instrumentos de evaluación para los siguientes saltos verticales: Countermovement Jump, Squat Jump y Drop Jump, medidos simultáneamente con la Superfície de Contacto y el Jumpo(R). Se analizaron el tiempo de contacto con el suelo y la altura máxima de salto. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicó coeficiente de correlación intraclase destinado a las evaluaciones intra e inter-evaluadores. Los comparativos entre Jumpo(R) y la superfície de contacto se utilizaron nuevamente el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el análisis gráfico de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Concordancias "casi perfectas" para altura máxima en todos los saltos, tanto intra-evaluadores (CCI = 0.911-0.959), como inter-evaluadores (CCI = 0.939-0.951) e inter-instrumentos (CCI = 0.939-0.972) encontrado. Sin embargo, el tiempo de contacto con el suelo no presentó concordancia significante inter-instrumentos (p <0.360). Sin embargo, se encontraron valores inter-evaluadores estadísticamente significativos (p <0.001). Conclusión: El Jumpo(R) parece ser una herramienta válida y reproducible para medida de altura máxima de saltos verticales, pero no para el tiempo de contacto. Se sugiere, por lo tanto, que entrenadores y técnicos puedan ser alentados a utilizar esta herramienta para evaluación y monitoreo del desempeño de saltos en luchadores

Objective: To investigate the reliability and reproducibility of the Jumpo(R) application for vertical jumping measurement. Method: 16 athletes of both sexes with a mean age of 19 ± 5 years, height of 1.7 ± 0.1 m, body mass of 65 ± 15 kg were included. The present investigation counted two meetings, in which test-retest of both assessment instruments for the following vertical jumps: Countermovement Jump, Squat Jump and Drop Jump, measured simultaneously with the Contact Mat and Jumpo(R). Contact time with soil the ground and maximum jump height were analyzed. For statistical analysis, intraclass correlation coefficient was applied for intra- and inter-rater assessments. The comparisons between Jumpo(R) and contact mat performed by intraclass correlation coefficient and the Bland-Altman graphic analysis. Results: Almost perfect agreement for maximum height in all jumps, both intra-rater (ICC = 0.911-0.959), and inter-rater (ICC = 0.939-0.951) and inter-instrument (ICC = 0.939-0.972) were found. However, the contact time presented no significance (p <0.360) in relation to inter-instrument measurements. However, statistically significant inter-rater values were found (p <0.001). Conclusion: Jumpo(R) seems to be a valid and reproducible tool for measuring maximum vertical jumps height, but not for contact time. It is suggested, therefore, that coaches and trainers can be encouraged to use this tool for evaluation and monitoring of jumping performance in fighters

Efeito da idade relativa sobre a seleção de atletas para as categorias de base de um clube de futebol / Effect of relative age on the selection of athletes for the youth teams of a soccer club / Efecto de la edad relativa sobre la selección de deportistas para las categorías de base de un club de fútbol

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da idade relativa (EIR) sobre a seleção de atletas para as categorias de base de um clube de futebol em 2016. Atletas entre 12 e 17 anos foram classificados de acordo com categoria, idade e posição e divididos em quartis, conforme data de nascimento. Teste qui‐quadrado foi aplicado com significância de 5%. Dos 746 atletas, 88 (11,8%) compuseram a equipe. Segundo categoria, foi observado que 54,8% dos aprovados nasceram no primeiro quartil (janeiro a março) (p = 0,04). Para idade, associação foi observada para sub13 e sub17, nos quais 55% (p = 0,04) e 50% (p = 0,04) nasceram nesse quartil. O mesmo foi observado entre aqueles da posição meio‐campista (57,9%; p = 0,01). Dessa forma, concluímos pela existência do EIR entre esses atletas.

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the relative age effect (RAE) on the selection of athletes for the youth teams in a soccer club in 2016. Athletes aged between 12 and 17 years old were classified according to category, age and position, and divided into quartiles, according to date of birth. Chi‐square test was applied with significance of 5%. Of the total of 746 athletes, 88 (11.8%) comprised the team. Second category, it was observed that 54.8% of the approved ones were born in the first quartile (January to March) (p = 0.04). For age, association was observed for sub13 and sub17, where 55% (p = 0.04) and 50% (p = 0.04) were born in this quartile. The same was observed among those in the midfield position (57.9%, p = 0.01). In this way, we conclude the existence of the RAE among these athletes.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la edad relativa (EER) sobre la selección de deportistas para las categorías de base de un club de fútbol en 2016. Deportistas con una edad entre 12 y 17 años fueron clasificados de acuerdo con categoría, edad y posición, y divididos en cuartiles según la fecha de nacimiento. La prueba de la χ2 fue aplicada con una significancia del 5%. Del total de 746 deportistas, 88 (11,8%) compusieron el equipo. Según la categoría, se observó que el 54,8% de los aprobados nacieron en el primer cuartil (de enero a marzo; p = 0,04). Respecto a la edad, la asociación se observó en sub13 y sub17, donde el 55% (p = 0,04) y el 50% (p = 0,04) nacieron en este cuartil. Lo mismo se observó entre aquellos de la posición mediocampista (57,9%; p = 0,01). De esta forma, concluimos que existe el EER entre estos deportistas.

Efeitos de um microciclo de Crossfit® em variáveis da carga interna de treinamento / Effects of a Crossfit® microcycle on internal training load variables / Efectos de un microciclo de Crossfit®en variables de la carga interna de entrenamiento

Investigar o efeito de um microciclo habitual de CrossFit®em indicadores da carga interna de treinamento. Participaram do estudo noveindivíduos com média de idade de 28,5±3,4anos. Frequência cardíaca de repouso (FCrep), variabilidade da FC, testes físicos e o perfil de hu-mor foram mensurados no primeiro (PRÉ) e no último dia (PÓS) de um microciclo. Foram aplicados testes tpareados e o tamanho de efeito por dCohen. Dentre os principais achados,a FCrep aumentou (4,3%; p<0,001), o rMSSD reduziu (-8,8%; p=0,04) e o desempenho físico reduziu (-2,5 a -6%; p<0,05).O microciclo de CrossFit®investigado promoveu efeito negati-vo na carga interna dos praticantes como resultado de fadiga acumulada em apenas uma se-mana de treinamento.

To investigate the effect of a typical CrossFit®microcycle on central and peripheral indicators of the internal training load. Nine individuals with mean age of 28.5±3.4 yo. Resting heart rate (HRR), HR variability, physical tests and mood profile were measured on the first (PRE) and on the last day (POS) of a microcycle. Paired t tests and Cohen's d were applied. Among the main findings, resting heart rate (HRR) increased (4.3%; p <0.001), rMSSD decreased (-8.8%, p = 0.04) and physical performance decreased (-2.5 to -6%, p <0.05). The investigated CrossFit® microcycle promoted a significant negative effecton the internal load aspects of the practitioners as a result of accumulated fatigue in only one week of training.

Investigar el efecto de un microciclo habitual de CrossFit® en indicadores de la carga interna de entrenamiento. Materiales y métodos:Participaron del estudio 9 individuos con edad de 28,5±3,4 años. La frecuencia cardíaca de reposo (FCrep), la variabilidad de FC, las pruebas físicas y el perfil de humor se midieron en el primer (PRÉ) y en el último día (POS) de un microciclo. Se aplicaron pruebas tpareadas y el tamaño de efecto por dCohen. Resultados:Entre los principales hallazgos a FCrep aumentó (4,3%, p<0,001), el rMSSD redujo (-8,8%, p=0,04) yel desempeño físico disminuyó (-2,5 a -6%, p<0,05). Conclusión:El microciclo de CrossFit® investigado suscitó efecto negativo en la carga interna como resultado de fatiga acumulada en apenas una semana de entrenamiento.

Respostas neuromusculares ao treinamento resistido de alta intensidade (HIRT) / Neuromuscular responses tohigh intensity resistance train-ing (HIRT) / Respuestas neuromusculares al entrenamiento de resistencia de alta intensidad (HIRT)

O presente estudo buscou avaliar respostas neuromusculares ao treinamento resistido de alta intensidade (HIRT). Doze universitários do sexo masculino com idade de 21 ± 3anos, realiza-ram o protocolo HIRT, que é caracterizado por pausas de 20 segundos entre as repetições. Posteriormente, foi realizado salto vertical (SV), horizontal (SH), arremesso de Medicine-Ball (MedBall) e força de pressão manual (FPM), antes, depois eapós 24h e 48h, o HIRT. Os sal-tos apresentaram significância nos períodos PRÉ e PÓS-SV (p=0,01), SH (p=0,02). Entretan-to, arremesso de MedBall e FPM não demonstraram diferenças significativas. Especula-se que o HIRT afete de modo agudo a potência de membros inferiores, mas não a de superiores. Porém, o período de 24 horas parece ser suficiente para a recuperação.

The present study aimed to evaluate neuromuscular responses to high intensity resistance training (HIRT). Twelve male university students aged 21 ± 3 years, in which they performed the HIRT protocol, which is characterized by pauses of 20sec between repetitions. Subse-quently, horizontal (SH) vertical jumps (SV), Medicine Ball (MedBall) and manual pressure force (FPM) were performed before, after and after 24h and 48h the HIRT. The jumps showed significance in the periods PRÉ and POS SV (p = 0.01), SH (p = 0.02). However, MedBall and FPM throw did not show significant difference. HIRT acutely affects the poten-cy of lower limbs, but not of upper limbs. However, the 24-hour period seems to be sufficient for recovery.

El presente estudio buscó evaluar respuestas neuromusculares al entrenamiento resistido de alta intensidad (HIRT). Doce universitarios varones con edad de 21 ± 3 años, en el que reali-zaron el protocolo HIRT, que se caracteriza por pausas de 20seg entre repeticiones. Se reali-zaron saltos verticales (SV) horizontales (SH), lanzamiento de Medicina-Ball (MedBall) y fuerza de presión manual (FPM), antes, después y después de 24h y 48h el HIRT. Los saltos presentaron significancia en los períodos PRÉ y PÓS SV (p = 0,01), SH (p = 0,02). Sin em-bargo, el lanzamiento de MedBall y FPM no mostró diferencia significativa. El HCA afecta de forma aguda a la potencia de miembros inferiores, pero no de superiores. Sin embargo, el período de 24h parece suficiente para la recuperación.

Evidence for an Upper Threshold for Resistance Training Volume in Trained Women.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of different volumes of resistance training (RT) on muscle performance and hypertrophy in trained women. METHODS: The study included 40 volunteers that performed RT for 24 wk divided into groups that performed 5 (G5), 10 (G10), 15 (G15), and 20 (G20) sets per muscle group per session. Ten-repetition maximum (10RM) tests were performed for the bench press, lat pulldown, 45° leg press, and stiff-legged deadlift. Muscle thickness (MT) was measured using ultrasound at biceps brachii, triceps brachii, pectoralis major, quadriceps femoris, and gluteus maximus. RESULTS: All groups significantly increased all MT measures and 10RM tests after 24 wk of RT (P < 0.05). Between-group comparisons revealed no differences in any 10RM test between G5 and G10 (P > 0.05). G5 and G10 showed significantly greater 10RM increases than G15 for lat pulldown, leg press, and stiff-legged deadlift. 10RM changes for G20 were lower than all other groups for all exercises (P < 0.05). G5 and G10 showed significantly greater MT increases than G15 and G20 in all sites (P < 0.05). MT increased more in G15 than G20 in all sites (P < 0.05). G5 increases were higher than G10 for pectoralis major MT, whereas G10 showed higher increases in quadriceps MT than G5 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Five to 10 sets per week might be sufficient for attaining gains in muscle size and strength in trained women during a 24-wk RT program. There appears no further benefit by performing higher exercise volumes. Because lack of time is a commonly cited barrier to exercise adoption, our data support RT programs that are less time consuming, which might increase participation and adherence.

Is interval training the magic bullet for fat loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing moderate-intensity continuous training with high-intensity interval training (HIIT).

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training (MOD) on body adiposity in humans, and to perform subgroup analyses that consider the type and duration of interval training in different groups. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: English-language, Spanish-language and Portuguese-language searches of the electronic databases PubMed and Scopus were conducted from inception to 11 December 2017. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Studies that met the following criteria were included: (1) original articles, (2) human trials, (3) minimum exercise training duration of 4 weeks, and (4) directly or indirectly compared interval training with MOD as the primary or secondary aim. RESULTS: Of the 786 studies found, 41 and 36 were included in the qualitative analysis and meta-analysis, respectively. Within-group analyses showed significant reductions in total body fat percentage (%) (interval training: -1.50 [95% CI -2.14 to -0.86, p<0.00001] and MOD: -1.44 [95% CI -2.00 to -0.89, p<0.00001]) and in total absolute fat mass (kg) (interval training: -1.58 [95% CI -2.74 to -0.43, p=0.007] and MOD: -1.13 [95% CI -2.18 to -0.08, p=0.04]), with no significant differences between interval training and MOD for total body fat percentage reduction (-0.23 [95% CI -1.43 to 0.97], p=0.705). However, there was a significant difference between the groups in total absolute fat mass (kg) reduction (-2.28 [95% CI -4.00 to -0.56], p=0.0094). Subgroup analyses comparing sprint interval training (SIT) with MOD protocols favour SIT for loss of total absolute fat mass (kg) (-3.22 [95% CI -5.71 to -0.73], p=0.01). Supervised training, walking/running/jogging, age (<30 years), study quality and intervention duration (<12 weeks) favourably influence the decreases in total absolute fat mass (kg) observed from interval training programmes; however, no significant effect was found on total body fat percentage (%). No effect of sex or body mass index was observed on total absolute fat mass (kg) or total body fat percentage (%). CONCLUSION: Interval training and MOD both reduce body fat percentage (%). Interval training provided 28.5% greater reductions in total absolute fat mass (kg) than MOD. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018089427.